The concept of art include a concept fine art, which is created to express authors creativity. Instead, commercial art is created by order and refers to objects created for commercial purposes, yet bearing features of art (Novitz (1992) The Boundaries of Art)
The elements of art are skill (artists specific training to create an artwork) and craft (authors technical method). Modern artists are criticized for lack of both, primitivism and meanness. It is questionable whether modern art exists at all. Some certainty exists only with the criterion of value. Art is always valuable, although this value may be recognized after some while. Necessary precondition for art is artists ability to follow the spirit of the time. Modern art would not be considered as art in the previous ages.
Art is classified in terms of genre, form and medium. The latter is most important painting, sculpture, literature, music, etc. Genre depends on the object and purpose monumental art, chamber art, etc. The style depends mostly on method and means used for artistic expression (Classical art, Gothic, national arts like Chinese art, European art, etc). Robertson, Craig (2005) Themes of Contemporary Art.
Johannes Vermeer (1632-1675) Baroque
Dutch baroque artist, symbol of 17th century Dutch art. Was broadly recognized during life, yet forgotten for 2 centuries after death. Rediscovered by French art criticist Thophile Thor-Brger (mid-19th century).
Known for painting of landscapes and domestic interior scenes as well as allegoric paintings (The Art of Painting). Known for using transparent colors and light effects and for unusual compositions. Used small format of paintings. Probably used modern technologies of the time, including camera obscura (disputable among art historians).
Mentors (predecessors) Leonaert Bramer, Abraham Bloemaert, Michelangelo da Caravaggio (Utrecht Carravagists), Nicolaes Maes, Pieter de Hoogh.
Pupils (followers) Han van Meegeren, Salvador Dal,
Famous paintings Christ in the House of Martha and Mary (1655), Girl reading a Letter at an Open Window (1657), The Little Street (1658), The Little Street (1657), The Milkmaid (1658), View of Delft (1660), Woman in Blue Reading a Letter (1664), Girl with a Pearl Earring (1665), The Allegory of Painting (1667), The Astronomer (1668), The Geographer (1668), The Love Letter (1670).
References Bonafoux P. (1992) Vermeer. New York Konecky Konecky.
Cant, Serena (2009). Vermeer and His World 16321675, Quercus Publishing Plc.
Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851). Romanticism
British landscape painter, watercolorist and printmaker. Renowned as person who dramatically raised the value of landscape painting by discovering new expression methods for landscape painting. Painted in oil and watercolors. Paid much attention to color and light, often considered as preface to impressionism. Was seen as a controversial painter during his life, gained universal recognition in his late years and after death. Developed from traditional British landscape painting towards dramatizing the landscapes and giving them additional intrinsic meaning.
Mentors (predecessors) Sir Joshua Reynolds, Thomas Hardwick, Walter Ramsden Fawkes.
Pupils (followers) Impressionists,
Famous paintings The Battle of Trafalgar, as Seen from the Mizen Starboard Shrouds of the Victory (1806), Snow Storm Hannibal and His Army Crossing the Alps (1812), The Battle of Trafalgar (1822), The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons (1833), The Fighting Temeraire Tugged to Her Last Berth to Be Broken (1838), Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On) (1840), Rain, Steam and Speed - The Great Western Railway (1844).
References Finberg (1961) The Life of J.M.A. Turner, R.A, Oxford Clarendon Press.
Kazimir Malevich 1879-1935 (Modernism, Supermatist movement)
Russian painter of Polish origin, theoretician of art, founder of new approach towards art. Known for avangardism and nihilism towards previous art forms. Viewed as artistic brawler scorned by advocates of traditional art and admired by left avant-gardist artists. Presently recognized as a landmark artist of 20th century.
Placed form and shape in the centre of his art, used to play with geometric proportions and figures of different colors. Manifested his art by the famous Black Square, as well as Black Circle and Red Square.
Mentors (predecessors) Fedor Rerberg, Vladimir Tatlin, Aristarkh Lentulov, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov.
Pupils (followers) Russian avant-gardists.
Famous paintings The Woodcutter (1912), Reaper on Red Background (1913), The Aviator (1914), An Englishman in Moscow (1914), Soldier of the First Division (1914), Black Square (1915) Red Square (1915), Suprematist Composition (1915), Red Square Painterly Realism of a Peasant Woman in Two Dimensions (1915), Complex Presentiment Half-Figure in a Yellow Shirt (1932), Red-cavalry (1932), Running Man 1934).
References Milner (1966)Malevich, Kazimir, Kazimir Malevich and the art of geometry, Yale University Press
Dorothea Lange 1895-1965 (photographer)
Influential American documentalist photographer, famous for her photographs of Great Depression. Langes style was profoundly humanist. Aimed to attract public attention to social consequences of the economic crisis. Langes Migrant mother is viewed as a visible symbol of Great Depression. Deeply affected the development of documentary photography.
Initially worked in a photostudio in New York. Left to make documentary pictures of Great Depression being employed by Federal Resettlement Administration. Preferred documentary genre and realistic style. Has not used additional tools to process her photographs. Paid much attention to composition, often arranged certain amendments to scene and gave advices to her models, although never invented facts for her photographs.
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